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Tag Archives: systems approach

Jonathan Birch — Organisms as societies

Here, "society" is being used as a metaphor rather than a description. I would prefer to use "system" rather than "society," and to compare biological systems with social systems, since this is more descriptive and less evocative. At the same time, I agree that the use of "society" is legitimate and useful in biology and evolutionary theory.   There are three major types of systems, corresponding to the three major branches of science — physical, biological, and social. There are...

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