Post-Keynesian

Figure 1: One Way One Technique Can Replace Another The wage-rate of profits frontier (or wage frontier) is calculated with prices of production, given the techniques of production, available in the economy, for producing a given output. Suppose at one point in time, the techniques that lie along the wage frontier consist of the Alpha, Beta, and Gamma techniques, in order of an increasing rate of profits. As time passes, technical innovation alters coefficients of production, including for...

Marx can be read as both a continuation and a critique of classical economics. A not-too-radical reading might emphasize his claim to find distinctions in economic theory glossed over by classical economists such as Adam Smith and David Ricardo. According to Marx, classical economists (as opposed to vulgar economists such as Frédéric Bastiat, Jean-Baptiste Say, and and Nassau William Senior) penetrated beneath surface phenomena to reveal the anatomy of capitalism. A more radical reading...

Figure 1: Wage Curves for a Reswitching Example1.0 Introduction This post illustrates another fluke case. In this example economy, two techniques exist for producing a net output of corn. The wage curves for the two techniques have two switch points. One switch point is on the wage axis, corresponding to a rate of profits of zero. The other is on the axis for the rate of profits, corresponding to a wage of zero. This example is a fluke in two ways. In the jargon I have been inventing, it...

I am thinking of maybe buying one of these: Roger E. Backhouse (2017). Founder of Modern Economics: Paul A. Samuelson: Volume 1: Becoming Samuelson, 1915-1948 Robert Leonard (2012). Von Neumann, Morgenstern and the Creation of Game Theory: From Chess to Social Science, 1900-1960 Philip Mirowski and Edward Nik-Khan (2017). The Knowledge We Have Lost in Information: The History of Information in Modern Economics Angela Penrose (2017). No Ordinary Woman: The Life of Edith Penrose Yanis...

Figure 1: Partition of the Parameter Space1.0 Introduction I here provide some notes on a perturbation of an example from Salvadori and Steedman (1988). Consider an economy in which n commodities are produced in n industries. In each industry, a single commodity is produced from inputs of labor and the services of previously produced capital goods. Suppose the technology can be represented in each industry by a continuously-differentiable production function. The wage-rate of profits...

For we each of us deserve everything, every luxury that was ever piled in the tombs of the dead kings, and we each of us deserve nothing, not a mouthful of bread in hunger. Have we not eaten while another starved? Will you punish us for that? Will you reward us for the virtue of starving while others ate? No man earns punishment, no man earns reward. Free your mind of the idea of deserving, the idea of earning, and you will begin to be able to think. -- Ursula K. Le Guin (21 October 1929 -...

I have been considering a case in which a simple Labor Theory of Value (LTV) is a valid theory of prices of production. When, for each technique, all processes have the same organic composition of capital, prices of production are proportional to labor values. Given labor values and direct labor coefficients in each industry, an uncountably infinite number of techniques - as specified by a Leontief input-output specified in terms of physical inputs per physical outputs - satisfies these...

I claim that the pattern analysis I have defined can be used to generate additional fluke switch points. I am particularly interested in switch points that are flukes in more than one way (local patterns of co-dimension higher than one) and fluke switch points that are combined with other fluke switch points or some aspect of other switch points (global patterns). I have already generated some examples, not always with pattern analysis. Fluke switch points of higher co-dimension A switch...

Figure 1: Variation of Switch Points with Time1.0 Introduction This post presents another local pattern of co-dimension one. I have conjectured that only four types of local patterns of co-dimension one exist (a reswitching pattern, a three-technique pattern, a pattern across the wage axis, and a pattern over the axis for the rate of profits). In this conjecture, I meant to implicitly limit the rate of profits at which switch points occur to be non-negative and not exceeding the maximum...

Figure 1: Physical Production Data as a Side Route1.0 Introduction One way of reading the first volume of Marx's Capital is that labor values provide a foundation, upon which the structure of prices of production and, eventually market prices are based. I find that, for example, Joseph Schumpeter presents Marx's work in this way. Another reading takes both labor values and prices as founded on physical data specifying the technique in use. Ian Steedman, as illustrated in Figure 2,...