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Turkey is business-as-usual for the globalised financial system

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After the BRICs came the MINTs – Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria and Turkey.In a series of January 2014 BBC programmes, Jim O’Neill – then the Goldman Sachs economist who had coined the term BRICs – celebrated the new acronym. On a blog under the title ‘The Mint countries: Next economic giants?’ he raved about the potential of his new discoveries:I returned from my travels thinking it won't be so difficult for Nigeria and Turkey to positively surprise people, as many put far too much weight on the negative issues that are well-known – crime and corruption in Nigeria, for example, or heavy-handed government in Turkey.In Turkey,

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Turkey is business-as-usual for the globalised financial system

After the BRICs came the MINTs – Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria and Turkey.

In a series of January 2014 BBC programmes, Jim O’Neill – then the Goldman Sachs economist who had coined the term BRICs – celebrated the new acronym. On a blog under the title ‘The Mint countries: Next economic giants?’ he raved about the potential of his new discoveries:

I returned from my travels thinking it won't be so difficult for Nigeria and Turkey to positively surprise people, as many put far too much weight on the negative issues that are well-known – crime and corruption in Nigeria, for example, or heavy-handed government in Turkey.

In Turkey, visits to white goods manufacturer Beko and Turkish Airlines, the world's fastest growing airline, definitely made me go "Wow", and in Nigeria, I was saying it all the time.

[According to his entry on Wikipedia, O’Neill actually devised MIKT or MIST (with South Korea not Nigeria) in 2011 and switched to MINT in 2013. The Wikipedia entry for MINT has O’Neill actively promoting it, but the acronym was originally coined by Fidelity Investments in 2011. Now Baron O’Neill of Gatley, O’Neill was briefly a Treasury Minister from May 2015 to September 2016.]

For four years after the crisis (2010-2013)Turkey’s GDP growth averaged 3.4% and productivity growth 8.3%.

Turkey: GDP and productivity growth, annual % change

Turkey is business-as-usual for the globalised financial system

Seemingly this was more than enough for investors to ignore Turkey’s annual inflation of 7.9% over the same period.  They had already dismissed the hyperinflation of 1997-2003 when inflation averaged 65% a year.

Turkey: Annual inflation, %

Turkey is business-as-usual for the globalised financial system

Underpinning these headline statistics was a rapid inflation of private debt. There is now widespread recognition that the Global Financial Crisis was a private debt crisis. As a result most economists now recognise the role of private debt in the Turkish crisis.  But the debt inflation was well underway as the MINTs were being promoted by Jim O’Neill and others. It was not a factor for those promoting the MINTS; and it did not the limit the flows of money that flooded  into the Turkish economy.

The chart below shows IMF figures for a narrow measure of private debt, which is used because it offers a longer time-series. A broader measure of Turkey’s total private debt was 160% of GDP in 2015 (TL 3750bn or around $1360 at 2015 exchange rate).[1]

Turkey: private debt – loans and debt securities, %age of GDP

Turkey is business-as-usual for the globalised financial system

There is a lot of talk about the role of low interest rates in expanding private debt. Trading Economics figures (below) show the rate of interest on Turkish government debt averaging around 9% until recently.  Corporate borrowing includes a risk premium and therefore will be higher. Turkish lending is certainly a nice little earner for banks and investors from advanced economies, dismayed by low interest rates at home. And with lending in dollars or euros, overseas investors are protected from Turkish inflation and/or exchange devaluation.

Turkey is business-as-usual for the globalised financial system

But, as Keynes understood from  the Great Depression, Turkish companies could not possibly have been expected to earn interest rates of more than 9%.  As he said in a 1931 lecture in Chicago:

We are today in the middle of the greatest economic catastrophe – the greatest catastrophe due almost entirely to economic causes – of the modern world … I see no reason to be in the slightest degree doubtful about the initiating causes of the slump … The leading characteristic was an extraordinary willingness to borrow money for the purposes of new real investment at very high rates of interest – rates of interest which were extravagantly high on pre-war standards, rates of interest which have never in the history of the world been earned, I should say, over a period of years over the average of enterprise as a whole. This was a phenomenon which was apparent not, indeed, over the whole world but over a very large part of it. (CW XIII, pp. 343–5)

The Turkish debt inflation was inherently unsustainable; the only uncertainties were the timing of, and trigger(s) for, the reversal. Much here is chicken and egg. The strengthening dollar hit the Turkish Lira, led to higher inflation and higher interest rates. But a strengthening dollar was also the flip side of reduced confidence in emerging market economies, which is in turn not unrelated to the changed monetary policy stance in the US and across much of the world.  Speculative money has pulled out.  (It would be of interest to know which institutions sold at the peak and which have been caught out). As always there is no more talk of growth miracles, only haughty disappointment that Turkey and other emerging markets (EM) did not deliver:

Historical truisms about EM’s high growth beta and demographic dividend are coming into question. The answers don’t lie in their monetary or fiscal policy, which, broadly speaking, remain orthodox. They are to be found in education, innovation and productivity. That hasn’t been EM’s strong suit thus far. [Bhanu Baweja, FT, 22 May 2018, ‘Pain over rising dollar belies the real challenge for emerging markets’]. 

And so endeth all financial speculations. A sure thing turns into a dead duck. From O’Neill to Baweja, hysteria becomes damnation.

Erdogan of course thrived as the economy enjoyed the fruits of private debt inflation, but now confronts the downside. Protectionism and pastors are really a sideshow, symptoms not cause of impending debt deflation. Plainly a higher discount rate and austerity will help Turkey no more than it helped Greece. But for over a century this same medicine has been the price of financial markets’ ‘support’. We’ve been here before. Back in 1931 Beatrice Webb commented angrily on the financial and political crisis in the UK.  

“It is the financiers, British and America, who will settle the personnel and the policy of the British government,” Beatrice Webb noted in her diary on Sunday 23rd, following the previous day’s manoeuvrings. And she added:

“It is certainly a tragically comic situation that the financiers who have landed the British people in this gigantic muddle should decide who should bear the burden”. [cited by Kynaston, 1999, p. 238].

Her comments anticipated the rage fifty years later of the (soon to be ex-) President of Mexico:

The financial plague is wreaking greater and greater havoc throughout the world. As in Medieval times, it is scourging country after country. It is transmitted by rats and its consequences are unemployment and poverty, industrial bankruptcy and speculative enrichment. The remedy of the witch doctors is to deprive the patient of food and subject him to compulsory rest. Those who protest must be purged, and those who survive must bear witness to their virtue before the doctors of obsolete and prepotent dogma and of blind hegemoniacal egoism.  [President Jose Lopez Portillo of Mexico, 1982; cited by Helleiner, 1994, p. 177.]

In the meantime commentators justly fret about western banks that have stakes in failing Turkish corporations. Ed Conway draws attention to Deutsche Bank research showing the UK having the biggest piece of the ‘action’ (around $30 billion).

Turkey is business-as-usual for the globalised financial system

Commentators (again justly) fret that Turkey is the tip of the iceberg. The FT (13 August 2018, ‘Investors fear Turkey is harbinger of wider crisis as easy money ends) report:

“Traders are picking off nations exposed to dollar obligations,” said Peter Rosenstreich, a currency analyst at the online bank Swissquote, pointing to Chile, Mexico, Indonesia, Russia and Malaysia among those countries with high non-bank dollar debt as a percentage of GDP.

So two of the remaining three MINTS are in the firing line, among others. But the ultimate fragility of the global financial system must be about internal as well as external liabilities. The FT Lex column on the same day shows Turkish corporate $ and € liabilities combined at 35% of GDP, less than a quarter of the figure for overall Turkish private debt (in 2015). On the aggregate total measure of private debt, great swathes of the globe – advanced, emerging and low income countries – are looking very vulnerable (see private debt hyperinflations).

Above all, the Turkish episode exemplifies how – in spite of the greatest economic and financial crisis since the 1930s – business-as-usual has been restored.

Confronting the Great Depression 85 years ago, Roosevelt and Keynes dismantled the globalised financial market system, and led the way to a different age of global prosperity.

Today, global financial markets remain broadly unchallenged by politicians. As a result, the global economy and financial system have lurched forward from one crisis to another, while workers confront insecurity, reduced wages and hollowed out public services.

Two crises. Two outcomes. And next time?

Footnote:

[1] The narrow measure is based on ‘loans and debt securities’. The large difference between the narrow and total measures appears to be accounted for by ‘other accounts payable’; equity liabilities are not included in either measure. 

References:

Helleiner, Eric, (1994), ‘States and the Reemergence of Global Finance: From Bretton Woods to the 1990s’, Cornell University Press, p. 177

Keynes, J.M. ([1931] 1973), ‘An economic analysis of unemployment’, in The General Theory and After, Part I: PreparationCollected Writings, vol. XIII, London: Macmillan/Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 343-5.

Kynaston, David, (1999), “The City Of London Volume 3: Illusions of Gold 1914 – 1945”, Random House, p. 238. 

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