by From Robert Locke One big problem in orthodox economics is the inability of its market orientation to cope with strategic implications of economic and political geography. I pointed that out in an article published in the rwer (“Reassessing the basis of economics: from Adam Smith to Carl von Clausewitz,” #61, 26.09.2012, 100-114), to which nobody responded. But the issue won’t go away and is especially pertinent today, because of the uproar caused by Trump’s failure to support the invocation of article 5. This issue is being discussed within the framework of US post WWII geographical hegemony. As Thomas Paley’s post “Trump and the Neocons: doing the unilateralist walz,” May 20 2017, states under the rubric The future of international relations, the implication is that “Trump’s
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from Robert Locke
One big problem in orthodox economics is the inability of its market orientation to cope with strategic implications of economic and political geography. I pointed that out in an article published in the rwer (“Reassessing the basis of economics: from Adam Smith to Carl von Clausewitz,” #61, 26.09.2012, 100-114), to which nobody responded. But the issue won’t go away and is especially pertinent today, because of the uproar caused by Trump’s failure to support the invocation of article 5. This issue is being discussed within the framework of US post WWII geographical hegemony. As Thomas Paley’s post “Trump and the Neocons: doing the unilateralist walz,” May 20 2017, states under the rubric The future of international relations, the implication is that
“Trump’s unilateralism may…reflect enduring neocon leanings within the current U.S. polity. Though the intensity of those leanings will ebb and flow, they are now a permanent feature…that has ramifications for the international relations order that foreign governments around the world will need to digest. One concern is excessive export dependence on the U.S. market which renders countries economically vulnerable to U.S. punitive market access restrictions. A second is U.S. corporate takeovers of foreign country champion firms. Europe also needs to recognize it may suffer negative backwash effects from unilateral U.S. interventions in the Middle East and elsewhere. In contrast, the U.S. is protected by the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, and that protection may even foster U.S. military recklessness.”
Discussing the subject within this context gives Europeans two policy-making options, to make some sort of accommodation with Putin or to let Trump call the tune. But, if we explore the geographical options differently, there is a third possibility, leapfrogging Putin to China.
If properly appreciated, this third possibility is attractive. It is an old consideration, moreover, rooted in 19th century geopolitical thinking that exceeds the scope of the geographical analysis mentioned in Paley’s post. Within the analytical framework of this third option the US cannot be protected by the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, nor engage in takeovers of foreign country champion firm, made accessible through US financial networks.
I am talking about the Heartland theory of world hegemony that challenges the idea of dominance through seaborne commerce. Karl Haushofer (1869-1946), probably the most famous popularizer of the Heartland theory, seized on the concept of pan-regions, which he raised from an economic concept to a strategic concept as well. Drawing on “the strategic concept of the Heartland Theory put forward by the British geopolitician Halford Mackinder,” Haushofer noted that “[i]f Germany could control Eastern Europe and subsequently Russian territory, it could control a strategic area to which hostile seapower could be denied.” Quotes from Karl Haushofer in Wikepedia
Nazi Germany lacked the power to establish its hegemony over the Eurasian heartland, but China in its road and belt initiative is now creating this heartland, from which US financial markets and trade are being excluded. Right now trains ship goods to and from Shanghai and Hamburg.
If central and eastern Europeans find that US unilaterialism compromises European security through NATO, they can seek that security in the East. Russia would find itself caught in a vise between China and its European allies, in a heartland economic and industrial system that the British, Americans, and Russians could not easily penetrate or rival.