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Tag Archives: Economics

Microeconomic aggregation problems

If a demand function for the economy as a whole is to be estimated, just drawing upon the economy’s overall income and the price system, is it legitimate to use the demand system derived for an individual? In other words, can we estimate demand functions independently of the distribution of income and preferences across consumers? Not surprisingly, the answer is no in general, and the conditions for it to be yes are extremely stringent, indeed unrealistically so. Essentially,...

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Open Economy Considerations: The Balance of Payments

One suggestion in the comments to the ongoing “short & simple” series is to cover the balance of payments. This will be covered at some point in the introductory series, but I am still considering how best to present it in brief, simple form. With that in mind, it seemed worth attempting a regular post on the topic. The post is still intended to be elementary in nature, but is perhaps at about the introductory university level. The post is also too long to qualify as “short”, even...

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Putting theories to the test

Putting theories to the test Mainstream neoclassical economists often maintain — usually referring to the methodological individualism of Milton Friedman — that it doesn’t matter if the assumptions of the theories and models they use are realistic or not. What matters is if the predictions are right or not. But, if so, then the only conclusion we can make is — throw away the garbage! Because, oh dear, oh dear, how wrong they have been! The empirical and...

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Axioms — things to be suspicious of

Axioms — things to be suspicious of To me, the crucial difference between modelling in physics and in economics lies in how the fields treat the relative role of concepts, equations and empirical data … An economist once told me, to my bewilderment: “These concepts are so strong that they supersede any empirical observation” … Physicists, on the other hand, have learned to be suspicious of axioms. If empirical observation is incompatible with a model, the...

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Lehman’s Aftershocks

Peter Praet's speech at the Money, Macro and Finance conference last week was a goldmine. I've already discussed the central bank credibility problem revealed by his final slide. But his presentation went far, far wider than central banks. It raised serious questions about the future of the global economy.This slide - the first in his presentation - shows that there have been three significant global shocks in the last decade, not one: The first, obviously, is the deep global recession...

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Thaler and behavioural economics — some critical perspectives

Thaler and behavioural economics — some critical perspectives Although discounting empirical evidence cannot be the right way to solve economic issues, there are still, in my opinion, a couple of weighty reasons why we perhaps shouldn’t be too excited about the so-called ’empirical revolution’ in economics. Behavioural experiments and laboratory research face the same basic problem as theoretical models — they are built on often rather artificial conditions...

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Keynes — the first behavioural economist

Keynes — the first behavioural economist To-day, in many parts of the world, it is the serious embarrassment of the banks which is the cause of our gravest concern … [The banks] stand between the real borrower and the real lender. They have given their guarantee to the real lender; and this guarantee is only good if the money value of the asset belonging to the real borrower is worth the money which has been advanced on it. It is for this reason that a...

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